Understanding WEIGAND
The term Weigand is applied to several characteristics related to Access Control readers and cards. Unfortunately, the word is often used very carelessly and can lead to unnecessary confusion. Here are the basic facts:
Weigand is:
1. A specific reader-to-Card Interface.
2. A specific binary reader-to-Controller Interface.
3. An electronic signal carrying data.
4. The “standard” 26 bit binary Card data Format.
5. An electronic effect.
6. A card technology.
Weigand Format:
When iWatch Technical Expert say “Weigand format”, they may be casually referring to the general concept of Security Card Data Encoding. But be aware that the term, Wiegand format, is also often understood to mean the standard 26-bit format, which is a very specific arrangement of binary card data. Some basic facts:
• A format describes what a number means, or how a number is used. The format is not the number itself.
• The number of bits does not indicate the format except for standard 26-bit. For example, there are over 100 different 34-bit formats alone.
• Within a given bit length (34-bit, 37-bit, etc.) the size and location of each data element may change. For example:
#One 34-bit format may have an 8-bit Facility Code starting with bit #2.
#Another 34-bit Facility Code may be 12 bits starting with bit # 21.
• The capability of the access control panel will dictate what formats will and will not work.
Weigand Protocol:
The communications protocol used on a Wiegand interface is known as the Wiegand protocol. The original Wiegand format had one 1 parity bit, 8 bits of facility code, 16 bits of ID code, and a trailing parity bit for a total of 26 bits. The first parity bit is calculated from the first 12 bits of the code and the trailing parity bit from the last 12 bits. An advantage of the Wiegand signaling format is that it allows very long cable runs, far longer than other interface standards of its day allowed.
Why Weigand:
Such type of encryption technique has many objectives, including controlling access to computer networks, enabling users to sign documents electronically, encrypt email messages, and enter controlled facilities. Cards are allotted to the authorized personals who are allowed to enter in the premise or who has the authority to get access inside a particular chamber. A Wiegand-compatible reader is normally connected to a Wiegand-compatible security panel.
Specification:
In general the Wiegand interface uses three wires, one of which is a common ground and two of which are data transmission wires, mainly termed as Data0 and Data1. The transmission depends on the voltage difference between both data transmission terminals, both are vice versa. There are also terminals to transfer sound notification like beep as well as for LED. All wires emerging from Weigend Reader are dedicated for a particular data transmission; special precaution should be taken to connect the reader to Panel.
The Standard 26-Bit Format:
The format in which a card is programmed is determined by the data pattern that will be compatible with the access control panel. All credentials (card, fobs, tags, etc.) can be programmed with the standard 26-bit card data format. The Standard 26-bit Format is an Open Format. The 26-bit format is a widely used industry standard and is commonly available in the market. 26-bit originated with true Wiegand swipe card technology.
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